制图师

    制图师(Drafters)

    基本学位要求

    副学士及以上

    平均年薪

    机械制图师:$56,610*(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:$53,470*(2)

    电气及电子制图师:$62,890*(3)

    其它制图师:$53,660*(4)

    薪水范围(25%-75%)

    机械制图师:$42,320 - $68,020*(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:$40,810 - $62,290 *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:$46,360 - $77,020 *(3)

    其它制图师:$38,660 - $63,840*(4)

    典型专业

    制图专业(社区学院或技术学院)

    工作经验要求

    无 *(5)

    岗前培训

    否*(5)

    从业人数

    机械制图师:65,250*(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:95,280 *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:29,200 *(3)

    其它制图师:15,470*(4)

    十年岗位增数

    机械制图师:-4,500

    土木及建筑制图师:-2,800

    电气及电子制图师:1,600

    其它制图师:-500 *(6)

    十年岗位增幅

    机械制图师:-7%

    土木及建筑制图师:-3%

    电气及电子制图师:+5%

    其它制图师:-3% *(6)

    产业最集中

    机械制图师:康涅狄格州*(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:蒙大拿州 *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:特拉华州 *(3)

    其它制图师:路易斯安那州*(4)

    从业人口最多

    机械制图师:德克萨斯州*(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:加利福尼亚州 *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:加利福尼亚州*(3)

    其它制图师:德克萨斯州*(4)

    认证机构

    美国设计制图协会 *(7)

    注:

    (1)薪水范围(25%-75%)表示:50%的从业人员的薪水位处该薪资水平段之间——25%低于该水平,25%高于该水平

    (2)岗前培训表示:该职业从业人员被公司录用后,正式上岗或获得熟练技能前所需的培训状况。

    (3)十年岗位增数表示:2014-2024年该职业预期将增加的就业岗位数,同理“十年岗位增幅”

    制图师(Drafters),或称制图员、绘图员,作为一个职业,是对包括机械制图师(Mechanical Drafters)、土木及建筑制图师(Architectural and Civil Drafters)、电气及电子制图师(Electrical and Electronics Drafters)在内的三种主要制图师以及其它领域制图师的总称。

    工作内容

    制图师利用软件绘制机械结构图、工序图、工程图、施工图、设计图、电路图等——视专注领域而异。*(8)

    工作职责:

    • 设计和规划CADD(computer-aided design and drafting)的使用;
    • 在理解工程及制造技术的基础上,有效绘制相关图纸;
    • 将施工及技术细节写入图纸;
    • 准备多方位的工程图纸,供工程师使用与查看;
    • 在工程师的督导下,标注工程图尺寸、材料、工序及工艺等。

    制图师主要使用CADD软件设计和绘制相关工程图,需要十分熟练相关软件,并具备一定得相关专业背景。如机械制图师,应当了解一定的机械专业知识等。

    制图师根据工作种类的不同,需要熟练使用的软件也不同,一般一个制图师必须能非常熟练地使用一种或几种制图软件。

    更细分的制图师可分为:

    • 航空工程制图师(Aeronautical drafters)
    • 建筑制图师(Architectural drafters)
    • 土木制图师(Civil drafters)
    • 电气制图师(Electrical drafters)
    • 电子制图师(Electronics drafters)
    • 机械制图师(Mechanical drafters)
    • 工艺管道制图师(Process piping or pipeline drafters)

    制图师主要使用电脑在办公室办公,一般全职工作,甚少兼职,加班并不罕见。*(9

    入行门槛

    制图师一般只需要副学士学历即可。一般四年制大学并不开设专门的制图专业,或进行制图培训。但四年制大学却开设诸如土木工程机械工程电气工程电子工程之类的专业,可以让学生更深入的了解到相关的专业背景知识,而且这类专业通常设有相关的制图课程。因此毕业于四年制大学,并获得相关工学学士的学生,相比毕业于社区学院或技术学院单制图专业的学生,竞争力更强——至少不亚于。

    制图师一般无需取得相应执照。美国设计制图协会(ADDA)设有一种制图师证书项目,但该项目的考试不包含计算机软件知识。获得该证书可以增强制图师的职业竞争力。

    制图师相关的重要技能或品质:

    • 批判性思维(Critical-thinking skills)
    • 注重细节(Detail oriented)
    • 人际交往能力(Interpersonal skills)
    • 软件技能(Technical skills)
    • 时间管理技巧(Time-management skills)*(7)

    就业展望与薪资

    制图师主要就职于建筑及工程相关行业,该行业的制图师从业人数占总数的50%以上。其它相对集中的行业还有半导体及电子产业、电力系统、导航及导航控制仪器行业等。

    制图师的薪水在美国属于中等,按2010年美国劳工统计局公布的数据,美国全行业平均年薪仅$33,840,工程师行业平均年薪为$83,340,工程技术员的平均薪水为$49,600而制图师当年的平均年薪为$47,880,略高于工程技术员。*(1) *(10)

    就美国来说,制图师未来职业岗位增长的期望一般。按美国劳工统计局的预测,未来十年(2014-2024)全体制图师的岗位数预计会减少6,200人,减幅为-3%,2024年为198,300人。*(6)

    2015年

    • 机械制图师

    美国从业人数最多州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Texas 5,140 0.44 0.94 $29.98 $62,370
    Michigan 3,970 0.96 2.02 $26.33 $54,770
    California 3,890 0.25 0.53 $28.56 $59,410.00
    New York 3,780 0.42 0.89 $26.78 $55,700
    Pennsylvania 3,490 0.61 1.29 $25.69 $53,430.00

    *(1)
    美国产业最集中州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Maine 660 1.12 2.36 $26.01 $54,100
    Wisconsin 3,040 1.1 2.32 $24.41 $50,760
    Connecticut 1,790 1.08 2.28 $29.05 $60,430.00
    Michigan 3,970 0.96 2.02 $26.33 $54,770
    Oklahoma 1,520 0.95 2.01 $25.50 $53,050.00

    *(1)
    美国从业人数最多都会区: 

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 2,210 0.75 1.59 $32.97 $68,570
    Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division 2,200 0.62 1.3 $28.74 $59,770.00
    New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division 1,890 0.29 0.62 $27.29 $56,770
    Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division 1,840 1.2 2.53 $38.34 $79,760
    Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division 1,720 1.47 3.1 $27.49 $57,170
    Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,580 0.84 1.78 $29.14 $60,610
    Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division 960 0.23 0.5 $26.93 $56,010
    Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 920 1.11 2.34 $25.62 $53,290
    Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division 900 0.39 0.82 $31.58 $65,680
    Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 880 0.35 0.75 $26.11 $54,320

    *(1)

    美国产业业最集中都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Columbus, IN 210 4.17 8.82 $26.02 $54,110
    Niles-Benton Harbor, MI 160 2.59 5.48 $31.28 $65,070.00
    Midland, MI 80 2.38 5.03 - -
    Appleton, WI 270 2.21 4.66 $26.91 $55,970
    Sheboygan, WI 130 2.17 4.58 $26.03 $54,150
    Fond du Lac, WI 100 2.14 4.53 $22.39 $46,570
    Elmira, NY 70 1.96 4.14 $25.70 $53,450
    Wausau, WI 120 1.69 3.57 $23.14 $48,120
    Tulsa, OK 730 1.69 3.58 $28.25 $58,760
    Savannah, GA 270 1.65 3.48 $40.14 $83,500

    *(1)

    • 土木及建筑制图师

    美国从业人数最多州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    California 13,650 0.88 1.27 $27.91 $58,050
    Texas 11,980 1.04 1.5 $28.39 $59,040
    New York 6,420 0.71 1.03 $26.46 $55,040.00
    Florida 6,250 0.79 1.14 $23.51 $48,900
    Pennsylvania 4,940 0.87 1.25 $25.05 $52,100.00

    *(2)
    美国产业最集中州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Utah 1,670 1.26 1.82 $23.57 $49,020
    Wyoming 330 1.17 1.69 $20.86 $43,390
    Montana 490 1.09 1.58 $22.69 $47,200.00
    Texas 11,980 1.04 1.5 $28.39 $59,040
    Maine 520 0.88 1.27 $21.45 $44,610.00

    *(2)
    美国从业人数最多都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division 5,010 0.77 1.12 $27.05 $56,260
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 4,800 1.64 2.37 $33.14 $68,930.00
    Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division 3,500 0.85 1.24 $28.34 $58,940
    Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division 2,340 0.65 0.95 $25.02 $52,050
    Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division 2,020 0.87 1.25 $26.30 $54,710
    Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division 1,990 1.3 1.89 $27.25 $56,680
    Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 1,840 0.74 1.08 $25.42 $52,870
    Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 1,830 0.97 1.41 $26.35 $54,810
    Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division 1,750 0.99 1.44 $27.60 $57,400
    Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division 1,430 0.59 0.85 $25.68 $53,410

    *(2)

    美国产业业最集中都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL 100 2.07 3 $22.98 $47,800
    Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 320 1.94 2.81 $39.08 $81,290.00
    Billings, MT 160 1.87 2.71 $24.53 $51,020
    Ames, IA 70 1.7 2.46 $30.36 $63,140
    Corvallis, OR 60 1.68 2.43 $24.68 $51,340
    St. George, UT 90 1.64 2.37 $21.76 $45,270
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 4,800 1.64 2.37 $33.14 $68,930
    Ocala, FL 150 1.52 2.2 $16.75 $34,840
    Salt Lake City, UT 950 1.45 2.1 $24.64 $51,250
    Tyler, TX 140 1.43 2.07 $30.56 $63,560

    *(2)

    • 电气及电子制图师

    美国从业人数最多州(前五): 

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    California 5,790 0.37 1.76 $29.50 $61,360
    Texas 3,310 0.29 1.35 $36.17 $75,240
    New York 1,710 0.19 0.9 $33.96 $70,630.00
    Pennsylvania 1,130 0.2 0.94 $29.16 $60,660
    Florida 1,000 0.13 0.6 $22.78 $47,380.00

    *(3)
    美国产业最集中州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    New Hampshire 260 0.4 1.9 $30.66 $63,770
    California 5,790 0.37 1.76 $29.50 $61,360
    Hawaii 210 0.34 1.59 $30.59 $63,620.00
    Arizona 850 0.33 1.56 $28.33 $58,930
    Maine 190 0.32 1.5 $31.60 $65,730.00

    *(3)
    美国从业人数最多都会区: 

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 1,520 0.52 2.45 $40.24 $83,690
    New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division 1,130 0.18 0.83 $36.11 $75,120.00
    San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 970 0.71 3.37 $27.50 $57,200
    Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division 830 0.2 0.95 $28.96 $60,240
    Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division 810 0.35 1.65 $32.99 $68,620
    Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 730 0.39 1.84 $28.65 $59,600
    Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division 720 0.47 2.2 $40.90 $85,070
    San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 590 0.58 2.74 $32.01 $66,570
    Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division 530 0.15 0.71 $34.52 $71,810
    Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 470 0.35 1.63 $35.34 $73,500

    *(3)
    美国产业业最集中都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division 140 1.07 5.08 $33.43 $69,530
    Billings, MT 90 1.02 4.8 $24.68 $51,340.00
    Huntsville, AL 190 0.9 4.25 $35.90 $74,680
    San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 970 0.71 3.37 $27.50 $57,200
    Framingham, MA NECTA Division 120 0.68 3.21 $31.99 $66,540
    Mankato-North Mankato, MN 30 0.62 2.95 $27.23 $56,630
    San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 590 0.58 2.74 $32.01 $66,570
    Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA 90 0.52 2.43 $25.31 $52,650
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 1,520 0.52 2.45 $40.24 $83,690
    Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division 720 0.47 2.2 $40.90 $85,070

    *(3)

    • 其它制图师

    美国从业人数最多州(前五):

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Texas 1,740 0.15 1.34 $30.87 $64,210
    California 1,310 0.08 0.76 $27.79 $57,800
    Ohio 1,140 0.22 1.93 $24.35 $50,650.00
    Louisiana 940 0.48 4.31 $26.35 $54,800
    New York 850 0.09 0.84 $28.35 $58,960.00

    *(4)
    美国产业最集中州(前五): 

    State Employment Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Louisiana 940 0.48 4.31 $26.35 $54,800
    Oregon 670 0.39 3.45 $25.05 $52,110
    Montana 160 0.35 3.1 $26.15 $54,390.00
    New Hampshire 150 0.23 2.08 $26.31 $54,730
    Washington 650 0.22 1.93 $27.99 $58,210.00

    *(4)
    美国从业人数最多都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 690 0.24 2.1 $39.00 $81,130
    New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division 590 0.09 0.82 $30.28 $62,990.00
    Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 530 0.49 4.34 $25.74 $53,540
    Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division 390 0.25 2.24 $28.02 $58,280
    Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 380 0.2 1.79 $25.06 $52,130
    Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division 330 0.08 0.71 $29.03 $60,380
    Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division 320 0.14 1.23 $25.43 $52,890
    Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 300 0.29 2.58 $26.36 $54,830
    Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division 280 0.08 0.71 $32.30 $67,190
    New Orleans-Metairie, LA 280 0.49 4.41 $32.70 $68,010

    *(4)
    美国产业业最集中都会区:

    Metropolitan area Employment  Employment per thousand jobs Location quotient Hourly mean wage Annual mean wage
    Monroe, LA 70 0.92 8.2 $21.08 $43,840
    Lafayette, LA 170 0.78 6.99 $28.88 $60,080.00
    Houma-Thibodaux, LA 60 0.64 5.67 $27.33 $56,840
    Dubuque, IA 40 0.61 5.45 $22.50 $46,810
    Eugene, OR 90 0.59 5.3 $23.99 $49,890
    Baton Rouge, LA 200 0.51 4.55 $21.31 $44,330
    Portsmouth, NH-ME 40 0.49 4.35 $29.70 $61,770
    Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 530 0.49 4.34 $25.74 $53,540
    New Orleans-Metairie, LA 280 0.49 4.41 $32.70 $68,010
    Bremerton-Silverdale, WA 40 0.48 4.31 $31.53 $65,580

    *(4)
    注:

    (1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]

    (2) 以上十六个表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。

    2012年

    美国从业人数最多州(前五)

    机械制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Texas

    4,610

    0

    0.9

    $27.85

    $57,940.00

    California

    4,500

    0

    0.65

    $27.72

    $57,660.00

    Pennsylvania

    4,350

    1

    1.6

    $23.41

    $48,700.00

    Michigan

    4,350

    1

    2.29

    $23.77

    $49,450.00

    Ohio

    2,990

    1

    1.22

    $22.57

    $46,950.00

    *(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    California

    11,800

    1

    1.29

    $27.49

    $57,180.00

    Texas

    8,990

    1

    1.33

    $23.00

    $47,830.00

    Florida

    5,620

    1

    1.21

    $22.38

    $46,550.00

    New York

    5,470

    1

    1

    $25.79

    $53,640

    Pennsylvania

    4,250

    1

    1.19

    $22.67

    $47,150

    *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    California

    11,800

    1

    1.29

    $27.49

    $57,180.00

    Texas

    8,990

    1

    1.33

    $23.00

    $47,830.00

    Florida

    5,620

    1

    1.21

    $22.38

    $46,550.00

    New York

    5,470

    1

    1

    $25.79

    $53,640

    Pennsylvania

    4,250

    1

    1.19

    $22.67

    $47,150

    *(3)

    其它制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Texas

    1,890

    0

    1.57

    $26.20

    $54,500.00

    California

    1,660

    0

    1.02

    $25.51

    $53,050.00

    Ohio

    760

    0

    1.32

    $22.10

    $45,960.00

    Illinois

    660

    0

    1.03

    $23.88

    $49,660.00

    Louisiana

    620

    0

    2.94

    $21.47

    $44,660

    *(4)

    美国产业最集中州(前五)

    机械制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Connecticut

    1,950

    1

    2.48

    $27.02

    $56,190.00

    Michigan

    4,350

    1

    2.29

    $23.77

    $49,450.00

    Maine

    620

    1

    2.18

    $25.16

    $52,340

    Minnesota

    2,770

    1

    2.16

    $26.78

    $55,700

    Wisconsin

    2,790

    1.04

    2.15

    $24.27

    $50,480

    *(1)

    土木及建筑制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Montana

    570

    1

    2.05

    $21.27

    $44,250

    Utah

    1,420

    1

    1.84

    $22.89

    $47,610

    Wyoming

    250

    0.9

    1.4

    $22.03

    $45,830

    Hawaii

    520

    0.88

    1.37

    $22.82

    $47,470

    Alaska

    280

    0.87

    1.36

    $31.54

    $65,590

    *(2)

    电气及电子制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Delaware

    190

    0.46

    2.14

    $27.17

    $56,510

    Washington

    1,090

    0.4

    1.83

    $34.88

    $72,560

    Texas

    3,790

    0.36

    1.66

    $31.43

    $65,370

    Kansas

    440

    0.34

    1.55

    $24.74

    $51,460

    Maryland

    800

    0.32

    1.47

    $29.87

    $62,130

    *(3)

    其它制图师:

    State

    Employment

    Employment per thousand jobs

    Location quotient 

    Hourly mean wage

    Annual mean wage 

    Louisiana

    620

    0.33

    2.94

    $21.47

    $44,660

    New Hampshire

    200

    0.32

    2.85

    $26.29

    $54,680

    Montana

    140

    0.31

    2.77

    $24.32

    $50,590

    Kentucky

    540

    0.31

    2.7

    $19.46

    $40,480

    Oregon

    440

    0.27

    2.4

    $24.00

    $49,910

    *(4)

    注:

    (1)Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]

    (2)以上八张表均是2012年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。

    参考资料:

    (1) Mechanical Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (2) Architectural and Civil Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (3) Electrical and Electronics Drafters US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (4) Drafters, All Other US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (5) Drafters-Summary US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (6) Drafters-Job Outlook US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (7) Drafters- How to Become an Civil Engineer US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (8) Drafters- What Drafters Do US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (9) Drafters- Work Environment US Bureau of Labor Statistics

    (10) Drafters-Pay US Bureau of Labor Statistics


    Mon Oct 24 15:35:40 CST 2016
    最后修改时间: